How do you gain weapon proficiency 5e & skills for your class does not start with without multiclassing in d&d?

Weapon Proficiency in 5e dnd allows you to add your Proficiency Bonus to the Attack roll for any attack you make with that weapon. Make an attack roll using a weapon with which you lack proficiency. You do not add your Proficiency Bonus to the Attack roll. the only way to gain a weapon skill without spending a feat or a class is to have a GM who allows you to get training. It makes sense that it’s not that easy to learn how to wield a weapon properly. It’s not that simple to become proficient at wielding a sword, or any weapon for that matter. a character can use weapons they’re not proficient in. The main effect is that they wouldn’t get their proficiency bonus. Armor has extra penalties for being used when not proficient, but that’s just armor.

Skill Proficiency 5e

Every character starts with two skills of their choosing, from their background (each background has suggested skills, but remember that per p. 126 of the Player’s Handbook, you can swap those out for whatever you want).

Half-elves and variant humans gain skill proficiencies of their choice.
Centaurs get a choice of 2 of Animal Handling, Medicine, Nature, and Survival.
Changelings get a choice of 2 of Deception, Insight, Intimidation, and Persuasion.

Dwarves get proficiency in History checks related to stonework and axes and hammers.
Elves get Perception. Drow gets rapiers, shortswords, and hand crossbows. High and wood elves get longsword, shortsword, shortbow, and longbow. Sea elves get the spear, trident, light crossbow, and net.
Goliaths get Athletics

Grung get Perception
Half-orcs get Intimidation
Lizardfolk get 2 of Animal Handling, Nature, Perception, Stealth, Survival

Regular orcs get Intimidation. Primal Orcs get 2 of Animal Handling, Insight, Intimidation, Medicine, Nature, Perception, and Survival
Beasthide shifters get Athletics. Longtooths get Intimidation. Swiftstrides get Acrobatics. Wildhunt get Survival.
Tabaxi get Perception and Stealth

Turtles get Survival.
Verdan get Persuasion
Warforged brings a skill.

Does War clerics get Martial Weapon proficiency in dnd 5e?

Death, Tempest, War clerics get martial weapon proficiency. Knowledge Clerics get a choice of 2 of Arcana, History, Nature, and Religion. Nature clerics get Animal Handling, Nature, or Survival. Order clerics get Intimidation or Persuasion.

Knowledge Clerics channel divinity can grant skill proficiencies on the fly

Lore bards gain three skill proficiencies of their choice at 3rd level; Valor bards gain martial weapon proficiency; Sword bards gain scimitar proficiency

Arcane Archer fighters get Arcana or Nature. Cavaliers get one of Animal Handling, History, Insight, Performance, or Persuasion. Purple Dragon Knights at 7th level get Persuasion (or Animal Handling, Insight, Intimidation, or Performance). Samurai get History, Insight, Performance, or Persuasion.
Drunken master monks get Performance proficiency. Kensai monks get extra weapon proficiencies (simple/martial weapons that aren’t heavy or special, one ranged and one melee).
Skirmisher rogues get Nature and Survival.

Hexblade warlocks get martial weapons. Pact of the Blade calls proficiency with their pact weapon.

Invocations:

Beguiling Influence gives Deception and Persuasion.
Bladesinger wizards get a one-handed weapon proficiency and Performance.

The Skilled, Weapon Master, Squat Nimbleness, and Prodigy feats allow a choice of skills.
Tenser’s transformation grants proficiency in all simple and martial weapons
Bracers of Archery grant longbow/shortbow proficiency

Claws of the Umber Hulk grant proficiency in themselves
Deck of Many things: Throne grants Persuasion proficiency. Jester and Sun give temporary skill proficiency.
Some artifacts allow you to gain proficiency in a skill.

Some sub-classes that also offer additional proficiency that the base class doesn’t have (extra proficiency).

Special Weapon proficiency in 5e

Some races also provide a specific weapon, armor, and specific proficiencies. Half-elves get 2 of any proficiency, and human variant (if allowed, which most DMs do, the same variant that gives you a feat) give you 1. Then, you can take the Skilled feat (assuming you’re DM allows feats, again, most do, because Adventure League does), which gives you proficiency in 3 skills or toolsets. Similarly, there are feats for armor and weapon proficiency. You can select one feat in place of your ability score improvement as you level up.

Some DMs may let you use time and training also to gain skills, but this is a homebrew rule that can unbalance characters, especially if you create a skill monkey (using race and various multi-class combinations and maybe feats to get as many skills as possible at early levels), who is effectively equaled (or nearly, minus more expertise) by a DM who allows another player to spend gold and time (and as a party, virtually everyone else’s time) to get skills. Yes, it makes sense, but getting skills from feats or class abilities (or abilities at all) without training (the way most things are gained as characters in D&D is not.

What is Martial Weapon Proficiency 5e?

Martial Weapon Proficiency: Choose a type of martial weapon. You understand how to use that type of martial weapon in combat.

Benefit

You make attack rolls with the selected weapon usually.

Normal

When using a weapon with which you are not proficient, you take a –4 penalty on attack rolls.

Special

Barbarians, fighters, paladins, and rangers are proficient with all martial weapons. They need not select this feat.

You can gain Martial Weapon Proficiency multiple times. Each time you take the feat, it applies to a new type of weapon.

A cleric who chooses the War domain automatically gains the Martial Weapon Proficiency feat related to his deity’s favored weapon 5e as a bonus feat if the weapon is a martial one. He need not select it. Anybody but a druid, monk, rogue, or wizard is proficient with all simple weapons. Barbarians, fighters, paladins, and rangers are proficient with all simple and all martial weapons.